| Titre : | The lightning discharge | | Type de document : | texte imprimé | | Auteurs : | Martin A. Uman, Auteur | | Editeur : | Mineola, New York : Dover Publications Inc. | | Année de publication : | 2001 | | Importance : | 377 p. | | Présentation : | couv. ill. en coul., ill. | | Format : | 21 cm. | | ISBN/ISSN/EAN : | 978-0-486-41463-8 | | Langues : | Anglais (eng) | | Index. décimale : | 10-04 Réseaux et protection | | Résumé : | In this readable, absorbing, up-to-date monograph, one of the nation's foremost experts on lightning sets forth most of what has been learned about the subject. To make the material more easily understandable, the author has organized the chapters primarily by lightning process. Following a general introduction and chapters on lightning phenomenology and cloud and lightning charges, he looks into the types and stages of lightning, with chapters on the stepped leader, the attachment process, the return stroke, the dart leader, continuing current, J- and K-processes in discharges to the ground, positive lightning, upward lightning and the artificial initiation of lightning, and cloud discharges. In the final two chapters, Dr. Uman investigates lightning on other planets and examines the phenomenon of thunder. | | Note de contenu : | Contents:
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 HISTORY
1.2 CATEGORIZATION OF LIGHTNING FROM CUMULONIMBUS
1.3 NEGATIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING
1.4 POSITIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING
1.5 ARTIFICIALLY AND UPWARD-INITIATED LIGHTNING
1.6 CLOUD DISCHARGES
1.7 UNUSUAL DISCHARGES
1.8 EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING
Chapter 2 - Lightning Phenomenology
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 FLASH DENSITIES AVERAGED OVER MONTHS OR YEARS
2.3 RELATION OF GROUND FLASH DENSITY TO THUNDERDAY AND THUNDERHOUR STATISTICS
2.4 NUMBERS OF CLOUD AND GROUND FLASHES AS A FUNCTION OF LOCATION
2.5 PHENOMENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LIGHTNING IN INDIVIDUAL STORMS AND RELATIONSHIPS TO METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
2.6 PROPERTIES OF GROUND FLASHES AS A FUNCTION OF LATITUDE AND STORM TYPE
Chapter 3 - Cloud and Lightning Charges
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 CUMULONIMBUS ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CHARGES
3.3 ELECTRIFICATION PROCESSES
Chapter 4 - Preliminary Breakdown
4.1 EXISTENCE AND STATISTICS
4.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS
4.4 PHYSIC
Chapter 5 - Stepped Leader
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 TYPES OF STEPPED LEADERS
5.3 PROPERTIES OF LEADER STEPS
5.4 OVERALL LEADER CHARACTERISTICS
5.5 THEORY
Chapter 6 - Attachment Process
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND MEASUREMENT
Chapter 7 - Return Stroke
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MEASUREMENTS
7.3 MODELING
Chapter 8 - Dart Leader
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OPTICALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES
8.3 ELECTRICALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES
8.4 SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 9 - Continuing Current
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 OCCURRENCE STATISTICS
9.3 CURRENTS, CHARGES, AND CHARGE LOCATIONS
9.4 M-COMPONENTS
9.5 INITIATION, MAINTENANCE, AND DEMISE
Chapter 10 - J- and K-Processes in Discharges to Ground
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 VISUAL AND TV OBSERVATIONS OF THE J-PROCESS
10.3 MEASUREMENTS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELDS OF THE J-PROCESS
10.4 INTERPRETATION OF J-PROCESS ELECTRIC FIELDS
10.5 THE K-PROCESS
Chapter 11 - Positive Lightning
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 OCCURRENCE STATISTICS AND GENERAL PROPERTIES
11.3 PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
11.4 ELECTRIC FIELDS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
11.5 CURRENT AND CHARGE TRANSFER
Chapter 12 - Upward Lightning and the Artificial Initiation of Lightning
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 UPWARD-INITIATED LIGHTNING FROM FIXED STRUCTURES
12.3 ARTIFICIAL INITIATION BY SMALL ROCKETS
12.4 COMPARISON OF ROCKET-INITIATED LIGHTNING WITH THAT FROM FIXED STRUCTURES
12.5 COMPARISON OF ROCKET-INITIATED AND NATURAL LIGHTNING
12.6 COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE-INITIATED AND NATURAL LIGHTNING
Chapter 13 - Cloud Discharges
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 SIMPLE MODELS FOR THE CHARGE TRANSFER OF THE OVERALL FLASH
13.3 FLASH CHARACTERISTICS
13.4 INITIATION
13.5 K-CHANGES
13.6 PULSE WAVESHAPES
13.7 NARROW-BAND RADIATION
Chapter 14 - Lightning on Other Planets
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION
14.3 VENUS
14.4 JUPITER
14.5 SATURN
14.6 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON PLANETARY LIGHTNING
Chapter 15 - Thunder
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
15.3 GENERATION MECHANISMS
15.4 PROPAGATION
15.5 ACOUSTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF LIGHTNING CHANNELS
REFERENCES
Appendix A - Electromagnetics
Appendix B - Statistics
Appendix C - Experimental Techniques
Appendix D - Books Containing Information on Lightning
Index |
The lightning discharge [texte imprimé] / Martin A. Uman, Auteur . - Mineola, New York : Dover Publications Inc., 2001 . - 377 p. : couv. ill. en coul., ill. ; 21 cm. ISBN : 978-0-486-41463-8 Langues : Anglais ( eng) | Index. décimale : | 10-04 Réseaux et protection | | Résumé : | In this readable, absorbing, up-to-date monograph, one of the nation's foremost experts on lightning sets forth most of what has been learned about the subject. To make the material more easily understandable, the author has organized the chapters primarily by lightning process. Following a general introduction and chapters on lightning phenomenology and cloud and lightning charges, he looks into the types and stages of lightning, with chapters on the stepped leader, the attachment process, the return stroke, the dart leader, continuing current, J- and K-processes in discharges to the ground, positive lightning, upward lightning and the artificial initiation of lightning, and cloud discharges. In the final two chapters, Dr. Uman investigates lightning on other planets and examines the phenomenon of thunder. | | Note de contenu : | Contents:
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.1 HISTORY
1.2 CATEGORIZATION OF LIGHTNING FROM CUMULONIMBUS
1.3 NEGATIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING
1.4 POSITIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING
1.5 ARTIFICIALLY AND UPWARD-INITIATED LIGHTNING
1.6 CLOUD DISCHARGES
1.7 UNUSUAL DISCHARGES
1.8 EFFECTS OF LIGHTNING
Chapter 2 - Lightning Phenomenology
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 FLASH DENSITIES AVERAGED OVER MONTHS OR YEARS
2.3 RELATION OF GROUND FLASH DENSITY TO THUNDERDAY AND THUNDERHOUR STATISTICS
2.4 NUMBERS OF CLOUD AND GROUND FLASHES AS A FUNCTION OF LOCATION
2.5 PHENOMENOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LIGHTNING IN INDIVIDUAL STORMS AND RELATIONSHIPS TO METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
2.6 PROPERTIES OF GROUND FLASHES AS A FUNCTION OF LATITUDE AND STORM TYPE
Chapter 3 - Cloud and Lightning Charges
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 CUMULONIMBUS ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CHARGES
3.3 ELECTRIFICATION PROCESSES
Chapter 4 - Preliminary Breakdown
4.1 EXISTENCE AND STATISTICS
4.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS
4.4 PHYSIC
Chapter 5 - Stepped Leader
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 TYPES OF STEPPED LEADERS
5.3 PROPERTIES OF LEADER STEPS
5.4 OVERALL LEADER CHARACTERISTICS
5.5 THEORY
Chapter 6 - Attachment Process
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 ANALYTICAL APPROACH AND MEASUREMENT
Chapter 7 - Return Stroke
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 MEASUREMENTS
7.3 MODELING
Chapter 8 - Dart Leader
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OPTICALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES
8.3 ELECTRICALLY DETERMINED PROPERTIES
8.4 SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chapter 9 - Continuing Current
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 OCCURRENCE STATISTICS
9.3 CURRENTS, CHARGES, AND CHARGE LOCATIONS
9.4 M-COMPONENTS
9.5 INITIATION, MAINTENANCE, AND DEMISE
Chapter 10 - J- and K-Processes in Discharges to Ground
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 VISUAL AND TV OBSERVATIONS OF THE J-PROCESS
10.3 MEASUREMENTS OF THE ELECTRIC FIELDS OF THE J-PROCESS
10.4 INTERPRETATION OF J-PROCESS ELECTRIC FIELDS
10.5 THE K-PROCESS
Chapter 11 - Positive Lightning
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 OCCURRENCE STATISTICS AND GENERAL PROPERTIES
11.3 PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
11.4 ELECTRIC FIELDS AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
11.5 CURRENT AND CHARGE TRANSFER
Chapter 12 - Upward Lightning and the Artificial Initiation of Lightning
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 UPWARD-INITIATED LIGHTNING FROM FIXED STRUCTURES
12.3 ARTIFICIAL INITIATION BY SMALL ROCKETS
12.4 COMPARISON OF ROCKET-INITIATED LIGHTNING WITH THAT FROM FIXED STRUCTURES
12.5 COMPARISON OF ROCKET-INITIATED AND NATURAL LIGHTNING
12.6 COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE-INITIATED AND NATURAL LIGHTNING
Chapter 13 - Cloud Discharges
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 SIMPLE MODELS FOR THE CHARGE TRANSFER OF THE OVERALL FLASH
13.3 FLASH CHARACTERISTICS
13.4 INITIATION
13.5 K-CHANGES
13.6 PULSE WAVESHAPES
13.7 NARROW-BAND RADIATION
Chapter 14 - Lightning on Other Planets
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION
14.3 VENUS
14.4 JUPITER
14.5 SATURN
14.6 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON PLANETARY LIGHTNING
Chapter 15 - Thunder
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 OBSERVATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
15.3 GENERATION MECHANISMS
15.4 PROPAGATION
15.5 ACOUSTIC RECONSTRUCTION OF LIGHTNING CHANNELS
REFERENCES
Appendix A - Electromagnetics
Appendix B - Statistics
Appendix C - Experimental Techniques
Appendix D - Books Containing Information on Lightning
Index |
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